Recently, I have begun thinking about separatist movements. My theory is this: regional separatism, particularly of the sort found in 'western' industrialised countries, serve the purpose of governmental elites, by making the case for nationalism and patriotism. I see a difference between such separatists as the Basques, the Corsicans or the Irish republicans on the one hand, and Chechens or Tibetans on the other hand, since in the latter case oppression and denial of local culture comes into the equation. While it is indeed true that in certain european countries regional languages have been phased out by centralised governments, it is hard to think of the inhabitants of such regions today as being oppressed peoples.
Before I carry on, I would like to make it clear, that this is merely a theory, and it is not based on detailed knowledge of any of the peoples I mention.
If I take the example of Basques and Catalans, one question I ask myself is this: how can they claim independence if it is only for those living in what is now Spain, since these two regions straddle the border with France? If their culture means that much, should they not claim all of the territory, regardless of the country they find themselves in?
Other separatist movements, such as Irish republicans or Corsicans, may have more of case for their 'struggle' (all things being relative-see Tibet or Chechnya), since these are distinct geographical entities, or part of one entity yet officially attached to another. However, it seems to me, that the violent methods used to attain their goals merely allow the governments to reject them with the help of public opinion and to strenghten in this way nationalism at a state level.
A parallel could be made in the way successive Israeli governments over the decades, both left and right, have been happy to maintain the status quo of an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, since it re-enforces the nationalistic nature of the state of Israel.(of course many are now realising the only way to maintain Israel as a 'Jewish state' is to give the Palestinians their own state-but that is the subject of another post).
I am not a 'europhile' anymore than I am a 'europhobe'(maybe only Europeans will understand that statement!).By that I mean, that I do not believe we are being led towards the ideal we are being marketed, yet it seems to me, that such an ideal must be our goal:a Europe without borders and without competing governments is a stepping stone on the way to an internationalist utopia. This utopia is not something we can install today, but it is something we should strive for, and not against, which is what we do when we brandish a flag, be it national or regional. As the great anarchist poet, Léo Férré said "the black flag is still a flag!".
In the mean time, where oppression, ethnic cleansing, the denial of minorities' rights, as well as xenophobia -at state and individual level- exist, these minorities should be supported, even if it means separatism.
I would like to make it clear, that my suspicion of separatism is not in favour of a centralised system, but rather a call for internationalism.
I welcome all thoughts and (rationally formulated) criticisms.
Jez...interesting and thought inspiring piece. Thanks. I just have this to say for now...
RépondreSupprimerNationalism, borders, races and countries...all these are man-made constructs, and only exist in minds...minds too small to imagine the world. Patriotism only lives in hearts too small to love the whole world and everything in it.
The use of terrorism (and I'm not condoning it) is a strategic decision made in a struggle for a cause, in these cases, the struggle for independence (whether you agree with that or not). The use of terrorism carries the risk of isolating one from one's supporters or would be supporters, but when used against a democratic target, it can be effective in getting the target population to pressure their government to make steps that will resolve the conflict. (Those familiar with the use of terrorism will remember how Hamas successfully used terrorism in 1995. Hamas refrained from using terrorism in the spring and early summer to give the PLO a chance to negotiate with Israel. Things were not moving along, and in July Hamas launched a series of attacks. The result was that Israel quickened its pace of withdrawal from West Bank towns and Hamas ended its campaign.)
RépondreSupprimerLeaving aside the issue of terrorism, I think is is demonstartable that the formation of states is the result of power accumulation (See Charles Tilly's Coercion, Capital and European States). As such, the states of the world are nearly all artificial constructs that don't reflect the nations of the world. By that I am refering to traditional nations like the First Nations of Canada who (apart for the residents of Walpole Island, Canada who, if their treaty is honored, have their own state) are stateless nations. States are artificial constructs that do not reflect the way human beings behave socially. We create tribes and function best in tribes. This is not saying that widestread cooperation is impossible and does not happen. I would say that the state as we know it is not required for widespread cooperation. Indeed, looking at the formation of states (one could also include the Roman Empire) I don't belive for a second that the goal of their formation was cooperation. The goal was subserience - that word literally meaning "obsequious servility".
That said, I think the independence struggles mentioned take on a certain sensible quality, but - and here is the qualifier - I don't believe that they can produce a just state even if they succeed in their goals for independence. As stated above, I don't think the state is capable of such.
I believe certain independence struggles can take on a sensible quality, if oppression is part of the equation. However, nationalism in the case of spanish basques, for example, is kinda contradictory, since it should include the french basques, should it not?
RépondreSupprimernice, comfy place you got here :)..
RépondreSupprimer